Land matters except for mining and forestry are under the jurisdiction of the National Land Agency (Badan Pertanahan Nasional) formed to administer
all matters relating to the Basic Agrarian Law of 1960 such as the registration of land rights and the granting of rights and various permits to use the land.
There are currently only two categories of land rights:
a) Adat land (customary land) where the land is not registered with the relevant land office. There are 2 individual rights and 6 community rights
in this category. All rights held under this category will eventually be converted to certified titles.
b) Certified land, the title to which is governed by the Basic Agrarian Law of 1960 and is registered at the local land office. There are five principle types
of land rights held under the Agrarian Law. These are:
Right of Ownership (Hak Milik)
This refers to absolute ownership of land and corresponds to a fee simple or freehold title in common law jurisdictions. This right can only be held
by an Indonesian citizen, not a corporate entity whether local or foreign. Certain legal entities designated by the government, such as State Banks,
agricultural cooperatives, religious bodies, and social foundations may hold this right subject to certain restrictions. This right of ownership is held in perpetuity.
It can be sold, transferred, bequeathed, and hypothecated (mortgaged).
Right to Build (Hak Guna Bangunan - HGB)
This is the right to construct a building on land for a period of 20 or 30 years (renewable for another term of 20 years). This right can be sold, exchanged, transferred, and mortgaged, and can be held directly by any corporate entity whether it is a local company or a government approved PMA company.
Right to Rent (Hak Sewa Bangunan)
This is the right to use land owned by another private party (the lessor) for building purposes. The right cannot be registered at the land office and therefore does not exist in certificate form. The law does not stipulate a period for such lease agreements and whether this can be transferred or not depends on
the original agreement between the parties.
This right may be held by a foreigner permanently domiciled in Indonesia or a foreign legal entity having a representative office in Indonesia.
It cannot be mortgaged.
Right of Use (Hak Pakai)
This is the right to use State-owned or other land by public or private persons or entities for a specific purpose for a definite period or occasionally
for an indefinite period. This land right cannot be sold, exchanged or transferred unless explicitly provided in its grant or agreement and normally for
a period not exceeding 10 years.
This right may be held by an Indonesian individual or entity or foreigner permanently domiciled in Indonesia, or a foreign legal entity with a representative office in Indonesia such as foreign banks, embassies, etc.
Right of Exploitation (Hak Guna Usaha)
This is the right to exploit State-owned land for agriculture, fishery or husbandry purposes for a period of up to 35 years with a possible 25 years extension.
This right can be held by Indonesian individuals/entities as well as government approved PMA companies. The certificate can be mortgaged.
RENEWAL OF RIGHTS
Renewal or extension of rights on expiry of the initial term is via an application to the National Land Agency and is subject to payment of a fee.
An application must be submitted one year before expiry of the term. Although the law is silent in regard to the period after the expiry of the extended term/s,
the consensus is that a land right can be extended if there has been no infringement of the conditions attached to its usage.
Procedures for Property Acquisition
All transactions of land rights must be via deeds executed before a land deed official at the local office of the Pejabat Pembuat Akta Tanah (PPAT)
where the land is located and must be registered in the regional office of the National Land Agency. The PPATs are privately managed offices (usually run
by a notary) authorised by the National Land Agency to handle land acquisition matters.
Although there is no regulation that contracts have to be in Indonesian language, we recommend having contracts and agreements always drawn up
and executed in Behasa Indonesia to prevent later arguments that the local partner did not fully understand the content.
